The pituitary-specific transcription factor (PIT1) GENE is responsible for pituitary development and hormone secreting GENE expression in mammals. PIT-1 is studied as a candidate GENEtic marker for growth, carcass and also for milk yield traits. In dairy farm animals, the principal goal of the selection is the improvement of milk yield and composition. The GENEs of milk proteins and hormones are excellent candidate GENEs for linkage analysis with quantitative trait loci (QTL) because of their biological significance on the quantita-tive traits of interest. Thus, in this study association between polymorphism of the pituitary transcription factor 1 (PIT1) GENE and milk fat percentage of Holstein cattle in Khorasan Razavi province of Iran were analyzed. A total of 100 dairy cows from a herd containing 1000 animals were included in the study. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood. One pair primers were used for amplification of PIT1 GENE and PCR products were electrophoresed on 1% agarose gel. Then, PCR products were digested with HinfI restriction enzyme. Results were analyzed using PopGENE software and allele frequencies A and B were 0.25 and 0.75, respectively. Frequencies of AA, AB and BB genotypes, number of observed alleles, number of effective alleles, expected heterozygosity, observed heterozygosity, mean of heterozygosity, expected hemozygosity, observed hemozygosity, Nei’s index and Shanon’s index were 6, 40 and 54%, 2, 1.6, 0.37, 0.40, 0.37, 0.62, 0.59, 0.37 and 0.56, respectively. Results of k-square shown that population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. SAS software with GLM procedure was used for calculation of association between milk fat percentage and observed genotypes and results indicated that the effect of genotype on fat percentage was significant (P<0.01) and AB genotype had the highest effect on milk fat percentage. These results imply that the PIT1 genotypes affected milk fat percentage, suggesting that this polymorphism can be used as a molecular marker for this trait.

The part of the bovine genome showing a superior action and explaining the major part of variation of the economical production traits were known as QTL. PIT1, which is also termed hormone factor-1, is a pituitary-specific transcription factor which has is responsible for pituitary development and hormone expression in mammals. The main factions of PIT1 are binding and trans-activity the promoters of both growth hormone (GH) and prolactin (PRL) GENEs and polymorphism in this GENE had significant relationships with both milk and meat production traits. This GENE was subjected to different molecular studies as key for GENEtic variation in dairy cattle. This study carried out to analysis of HinfI polymorphism in PIT1 in Iranian Sarabi and Gholpayeghany cattle. DNA was extracted from blood or sperm samples collected from 82 Sarabi and 42 Gholpayeghany bulls and cows and submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by digestion with HinfI restriction enzyme. The frequency of the A and B alleles of this GENE was 76.8 and 23.2 percent in Sarabi cattle breeds and 73.7nd 26.3 percent in Gholpayeghany cattle breeds respectively.

The aim of this study was to determine to Pituitary-specific transcription factor (PIT1) GENE polymorphism relationship with milk production in Iranian Holstein dairy cows. For this purpose, blood samples were collected from 110 proof and un-proof Holstein bulls from North West and Tehran breeding centers of Iran. After performing extraction steps using modified phenol-chloroform method, PITI exon 6 polymorphism was determined with PCR-RFLP and HifI restriction enzyme. Two alleles and three genotypes were observed. Hinf1+ (G) allele and GG genotype were the more frequent. Allelic and genotypic variations in years do not show a specific trend, and for most of the years, the G allele was more frequent. The results of analysis of variance showed that PitI-HinfI polymorphism was not significant effect on milk, fat, protein production, fat percentage and protein content (p>0. 05). Allelic replacement effect results showed that allele change from G to A did not have a significant effect on any of the studied traits. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that for the use of this GENE in the of milk production traits improvement, further research is needed.

Philadelphia chromosome can be founding 95% of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) by cytoGENEtic studies. The fused bcr/abl is transcribed in two types of chimeric mRNA. RT-PCR amplification of these two transcripts have been designed to give two different size products. This assay can detect one positive bcr/abl expressing cell in a back ground of 106 negative bcr/abl cells. The power of this assay is the detection of minimal residual disease (MRD) between 6-12 months following bone marrow transplantation (BMT) is an independent and significant factor that predicts the relapse in future. The aim of optimization was to detect β2 microglobulin (β 2M) mRNA. Detection of β2 mRNA and absence of bcr/abl indicates that the patient is negative for MRD and as a result, there is molecular remission in addition to clinical remission. To monitor MRD we tested a patient's blood sample who had tolerated allogenic BMT 7 years ago. bcr/abl wasn't detected in this patient and only β2 M was observed. This result confirmed the absence of MRD in this case. To effectively monitor minimal leukemic activity after BMT, we used a competitive RT- PCR to quantify expression of the characteristic bcr/abl fusion GENE mRNA in patients with CML.    

Background and Objective: Helicobacter pylori (H.pylori) with positive Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) have higher potential for pathoGENEsis. Cytotoxin associated GENE A (CagA) accelerate the pathoGENE city of bacteria due to cytotoxin production stimulation. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of the anti-CagA antibody among H. pylori infected persons in Golestan province-North of Iran.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was carried out on 676 H. pylori positive subjects in Golestan province, northern Iran during 2008. Anti CagA antibody were determined in H.pylori positive subjects. Data analyzed by SPSS-16 software and chi-square test.Results: Prevalence of anti CagA in Helicobacter pylori infected cases was 57.7% (390 cases: 179 males and 211 females) (95% CI: 53.9-61.4). According to age the highest and lowest cases of anti CagA antibody were seen in, 15-24 (63.4%) and under 5 years old (26.3%). The level of anti CagA antibody in Sistanian ethnicity group (67.2%) was more than other ethnic group. Anti CagA antibody in Rural area was more than urban regions. Sero prevalence of anti CagA antibody was highest in Minudasht twon (78%), located in East of province in comparison with Bandar Gaz (44%) in west of provinceConclusion: This study showed the prevalence of CagA positive Helicobacter pylori strains in this region is similar to other regions of Iran, Asia and Europe and higher than African population.

Background & Objectives: Spleen largest lymphoid organ in the body and its role is blood filtering, strengthen the immune system, storage and hematopoiesis. Trauma, congenital pathologic is the indications of splenectomy. The aim of this study was evaluation 10 years splenectomy indications in Children's Hospital of Tabriz.Material and Methods: In a retrospective and descriptive study that performed on the children who underwent splenectomy in Tabriz Children's Hospital, the indications of splenectomy in these children evaluated.Results: 34 of studied children were boys and 35 of studied children were girls. Mean age of boy children was 99.20 ± 42.77 months and the mean age of girl children was 125.42 ± 35.24 (P=0.007). Major beta-talassemia in 23 cases was the most common indication for splenectomy in studied children. Spleen size in 22 children was normal and in 47 children spleen size was great. Platelet drop in two cases, port vein thrombosis in 3 cases, heard failure in two cases, sepsis, recurrent meningitis, sepsis and CVA in one of the studied children were postoperative complications in children underwent for splenectomy. Only seven cases of studied children had died after surgery that two cases of mortality causes was heart failure due to talassemia. In our study, trauma in 3 cases (4.34%) of the studied children was the splenectomy indications that one of these children had died.Conclusion: Major beta-talassemia, hereditary spherocitosis and idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura were the most common causes of spelenctomy in the studied children and in our study, 5 of children with talassemia were died that 2 causes was heart failure due to talassemia, 2 cases due to port vein thrombosis and one case due to CVA. Postoperative complication rate was 23.18% and risk of infection and sepsis in our study was 3.07% and also the mortality rate in our study was 10.1%.

Introduction: Disorders in the expression of any GENE effective in spermatogenic pathway is known as a probable cause of non-obstructive azoospermia and male infertility. The way responsible GENEs for sperm motility are expressed can considerably affect male fertility. Recent studies show that TSGA10 GENE is effective in the natural process of spermatoGENEsis as protein produced by this GENE in mouse results in the production of the main structure of sperm tail. Up to now, no comprehensive studies have been done on the way this GENE is expressed in the infertile's testical tissue.Materials & Methods: In this study, TSGA10 mRNA expression in testicular samples of 84 patients with non-obstructive azoospermia was investigated by semi-quantitative nested RT-PCR in Avesina Infertility Clinic during 2005-6. Moreover, expression levels of TSGA10 during spermatoGENEsis were evaluated using Johnsen's method for histopathologic scoring of the samples. For statistical analysis, SPSS software (Version 11.2) was used. The difference between GENE expressions was done based on quantitative variables by the use of t-test and covariance analysis and α<0.05 was regarded as a statistically significant value.Results: Testicular TSGA10 mRNA expression was observed in 31 patients, (36.9%), with non-obstructive azoospermia which it had a statistically significant correlation with spermatoGENEsis progress (p<000.0). Histopathologically, the GENE had been expressed in patients with higher Johnsen's score of spermatoGENEsis while a lack of expression was seen in all of those with Johnsen's score less than 4.5.Conclusion: The findings indicate that TSGA10 is expressed in human testis and it is restricted to germ cells. It seems that lack of TSGA10 expression may have negative effects on spermatoGENEsis and on male fertility. On the other hand, determination of the timing of GENE expression in a certain level of spermatoGENEsis may also be used to determine levels of spermatoGENEsis in azoospermic patients alongside histopathological findings.

Background &Aim: It is not well established that why certain parts of gingiva are more susceptible to some kind of periodontal diseases, since these regions are adjacent to the foramen of some nerves and paths, and regarding to the important role of neuropathies in inflammation. On the other hand, it was shown that SP and CGRP have some role in periodontal diseases, so the aim of this study was to determine the correlation between concentration of SP and CGRP and different regions of human clinically healthy gingiva.Methods & Materials: For this analytical study, 17 gingival samples from first maxillary incisor and first molar regions (case group) and 23 gingival samples from other regions (control group) were collected. Tissue samples were cultured for 72 hours. Then EIA was used for detection of SP and CGRP in supernatant fluids. Statistical analysis was made by Mann - whitney U test and Spearman's correlation coefficient tests.Results: Both SP and CGRP were present in all samples. There was also significant difference between different gingival regions regarding to CGRP concentration so its concentration was lower in first molar regions (P≈0.023). We could not find any significant difference between different regions regarding to SP concentration.Conclusion: It is suggested that SP and CGRP probably participate in the regulation and maintenance of gingival health and based on the lower concentration of CGRP in the gingiva of upper and lower first molars, it could be suggested a possible cause for susceptibility of these regions to some of oral diseases such as localized aggressive periodontitis.